learning objective chapter 11-15

chapter 11

·         Computer changed people work in factories, offices, home, and variety industries because computers have a big impact on it. Now there are automated factory that is more efficient but keep traditional factories running with workers on it. Also automated office, with its evolution: enterprise computing, workgroup computing, electronic commerce, electronic cottage & paperless office

·         Computer changed quality job, in positively way, computers have caused more problems solved than workers did. In negatively way, computers technology to track, record & evaluate employee’s performance can raise issues for the employee itself

·         Information age places new demands on our educational system because education provides technological familiarity, literacy, mathematics, culture, communication, and learning how-to-learn. This is for students in the information ages

·         Computer are used in classroom is program that usually computers have in classroom, like: Computer Aided, Programming, Productivity, Digital, and others

chapter 12

·         Business organization as system by using the value chain model is organization performs activities to provide products & services for customer

·         Business organization from the viewpoint value chain model divides activities of organization in 2 types: primary and support activities

·         Transaction processing system support business processes because it can keeps tracks of routine transactions by information system

·         Enterprise resource planning change the flow of information within & among business organization because it’s emphasis is to improve the free flow of information between different parts of a firm

·         Computers support the work of managers with technology that helped the manager everything about making decision and Executive Information System (EIS) to monitor important economic and social trends affecting the organization

chapter 13

·         Phases of company goes through using internet for business like Amazon.com that leveraged the internet’s unique ability to deliver huge amounts of information rapidly & efficiently

·         Forms of electronic commerce are business-to-business, business-to-consumer, and consumer-to-consumer

·         Design and use of public web sites for supporting business-customer transactions by it speed & secure transactions, up-to-date product selection, ease of use & after-sale features

·         Technical requirements of electronic commerce by web server and e-commerce software

·         Ethical issues of electronic commerce are clear & explicit statement of organization’s privacy policy; policy statement addressing situations in which a person’s permission must be secure before his/her ID, photo, ideas, or communications are used/transmitted; clear policy stating how company will inform customers of the intended uses of personal information gathered during an online transactions & how the company will secure permission from the customer for those uses; statement that address issues of ownership with respect to network postings and communications; and policy of how company monitors/tracks user behavior on web site

chapter 14

·         process of designing : identify requirements, develop working model of the system, use prototype, evaluate features of prototype, make any necessary changes to prototype, develop application.

Programming is a specialized form of problem solving. Problem solving typically involves four steps:Understand the problem, devise a plan for solving the problem, carry out the plan, evaluate the solution.

·         Because more and more software programs are build,so there are many different programming languages

·         More and more software programs, including operating systems, are designed with extensibility in mind

·         Investigation,analysis,design,development,implementation,maintenance,retirement

·         relationship between computer programming & computer science is the object of focuses on the process of computing

·         One of the most challenging problems facing computer science is the problem of software reliability.

·         Software companies provide only limited warranties for their products because the additional precautions needed to make the software work better would inflate the cost & extend the time needed for development and only large companies are able to sustain the pressure such scenario

chapter 15

a. Use computers to simulate human mental processes.

The best way to do something with a machine is often very different from the way people would do it.

b. A second approach to AI involved designing intelligent machines independent of the way people think.

Human intelligence is just one possible kind of intelligence. A machine’s method for solving a problem might be different from the human method, but no less intelligent

·         Most people have trouble knowing and describing how they do things. There are vast differences between the capabilities of the human brain and those of a computer. Even the most powerful supercomputers can’t approach the brain’s ability to perform parallel processing. The best way to do something with a machine.

·         Describe several practical applications of artificial intelligence.

Searching: Looking ahead to the possibilities generated by each potential move.

          The staggering number of decision points makes brute-force searching impractical. Searching is generally guided by a planned strategy and by rules known as heuristics.

Heuristics: Rule of thumb

          Heuristics guide us toward judgments that experience tells us are likely to be true. For example, in checkers, “Keep checkers in the king’s row as long as possible.”

Pattern recognition: identifying recurring patterns in input data.

          The goal of pattern recognition is understanding or categorizing that input. The best human chess and checkers players remember thousands of critical board patterns and know the best strategies for playing when those patterns or similar patterns appear. Game-playing programs recognize recurring patterns, too, but not nearly as well as people do.  Computer game programs often have trouble identifying situations that are similar but not identical. Pattern recognition is probably the single biggest advantage a human game player has over a computer opponent.

Machine learning: learn from experience

          If a move pays off, a learning program is more likely to use that move (or similar moves) in future games.

·         A robot is a computer-controlled machine designed to perform specific manual tasks.

-Robots save labor costs.

-Robots can work 24 hours a day, 365 days a year, without vacations, strikes, sick leave, or coffee breaks.

-Robots can also improve quality and increase productivity.

-They’re especially effective at doing repetitive jobs.

-Robots are ideal for jobs that are dangerous, uncomfortable, or impossible for human workers